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Rosa Luxemburg
Rosa Luxemburg (also ''Rozalia Luxenburg''; (ポーランド語:Róża Luksemburg); 5 March 1871〔(Luxemburg biography at marxists.org )〕 – 15 January 1919) was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist of Polish-Jewish descent who became a naturalized German citizen. She was, successively, a member of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
In 1915, after the SPD supported German involvement in World War I, she and Karl Liebknecht co-founded the anti-war ''Spartakusbund'' ("Spartacus League"), which eventually became the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). During the November Revolution she co-founded the newspaper ''Die Rote Fahne'' ("The Red Flag"), the central organ of the Spartacist movement.
She considered the Spartacist uprising of January 1919 a blunder,〔Frederik Hetmann: ''Rosa Luxemburg. Ein Leben für die Freiheit'', p. 308〕 but supported it as events unfolded. With the crushing of the revolt by Friedrich Ebert's Majority Social Democratic government who sent in the ''Freikorps'' (World War I veterans usually on the extreme right-wing serving in government-sponsored paramilitary groups) to crush the ''Spartakusbund'', ''Freikorps'' troops captured Luxemburg, Liebknecht, and some of their supporters. Luxemburg was shot and her body thrown in the Landwehr Canal in Berlin.
Due to her pointed criticism of both the Marxist-Leninist and the more moderate social democrat schools of socialism, Luxemburg has had a somewhat ambivalent reception among scholars and theorists of the political left.〔Leszek Kołakowski ((), 2008), ''Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 2: The Golden Age'', W. W. Norton & Company, Ch III: "Rosa Luxemburg and the Revolutionary Left"〕 Nonetheless, some Marxists came to regard Luxemburg and Liebknecht as martyrs.
==Life==
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